Developmental Theory Piaget and Bowlby - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1384 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Psychology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Development Essay Learning Essay Did you like this example? The human development issue has been of a relevant nature within the human society. There are different developmental theories that have been researched and published by some of the worlds most renowned psychologists. This among them involves the theory of Bowlby on attachment that lays emphasis on the vitality of a trusting and secure mother-infant bond on well-being and development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Developmental Theory: Piaget and Bowlby" essay for you Create order The theory on psychosocial by Erikson who believed that childhood played a crucial part in the development of personality will also be featured. This paper is going to look into these theories and determine how they relate to each other not forgetting to also point out the differences that are in existence between the two (Child Development, 2017). Zastrow (2016) describes human development as the continuous process of growth and change, involving physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics that occur over a lifespan. It involves characteristics that occur in a lifespan in a physical, mental, emotional, and social (p.77). This human growth tends to follow a sequential pattern. However, there are individual differences caused by inheritance and the surrounding. One of the human development stages is the preschool stage; it is the stage right before a child goes to formal school. It is a very important stage because his personality is being shaped with the help of those around them. In addition, they become more independent and interact with others. The psychosocial theory by Erikson was established from Sigmund`s psychosexual theory and his widespread practical field research. It lays emphasis on the change and growth of the individual. He managed to include social and cultural bits into Freud`s sexually and biological oriented theory and concentrated on the manner in which the ecology and experience shaped personality and behavior. A human development lifespan subdivided into eight stages was first developed by Erikson. There is an element of crisis that is associated with each one of the stages that have two opposing emotional forces which are to be solved by the individual in order to successfully progress to the stage that comes next. A basic quality is formed when there is a good balance of the two forces while a penchant on the side of one of the contrasting forces brings about malignancy or maladaptation. There is a link between the stages of transition. It is not an accomplishment scale where the phases of crisis can be resolved eternally. There is a possibility of a previous crisis to reoccur in a positive or negative manner (Thomas, 2014). The driving force of the stages is sexual and physical growth, which stimulates the issues in life that form the crises. Age is not a precise driving factor thus the age range is just but a rough guide, more so during the advanced stages when there is a variation in influences and timing. There is a variation of interpretation in terms of age between academics and writers. The lack of an interpretation of fixed stages of age by Erikson was deliberate as no given person can be able to do it. Bowlby`s theory of attachment was derived from the theory of objects relations and lays emphasis on the creation, furtherance, and caregiver-child relationships growth, alongside sways over emotional and social life. Eventually, the attachment theory by Bowlby was prolonged beyond early childhood and infancy into adulthood and adolescence by Shaver and Hazan (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2016). Erikson`s theory first stage matches the theory of infant attachment by Bowlby, where the caregivers experience with the baby is vital. Bowlby states that there is a development of models of the world and of self through interaction with the figure of attachment by the baby. A negative model results in a lesser satisfactory attachment while positive model results in a secure attachment. Sensorimotor behaviors such as crying are made use of by the infant to make aware of and seek closeness to the figure of attachment. A sense of physical security and stress reduction in a situation that is stressful in nature is attained through the use of this attachment behavioral system. A secure attachment is developed by caregivers who are available, responsive, sensitive and warm. A feeling of worthiness is created when there is a sense of trust. The infant is able to see the world as an inviting and safe place when there is a continuous success in leaving and safe returning to a base of securit y. This results in a gain of confidence to independently move around. There should be good feeding and care for the infant, but caution should be taken not to overindulge or over protect as this results into a wrong sense of trust encouraging gullibility. Thus from this attachment can be regarded to as the basis for identity (Child Development, 2017). Bowlby claimed that attachment is a basic need for an emotional bond with each other that goes beyond the need to be fed. He was of the opinion that this is an evolving need in which a strong bond of emotion between the infant and the mother raises the chances of survival of the infant. He grouped the attachment according to stages and came up with four stages of attachment. Pre-attachment (6 Weeks to between 6 and 8 months) is the first stage where infants carry themselves in a manner that attracts the attention of adults. They become soothed when in the presence of the mother and other people. Attachment in making (6 weeks to about 6 to 8months) is the second phase A sense of trust is build towards the mother by the infants, such that they can rely on them when they are in need. Clear Cut attachment (6 to 8 months- 1 and a half years to 2 years) comes in third place. This is where the attachment is recognized. This is shown through the infant`s preference of the mother over everybo dy else. Anxiety separation kicks in when the mother leaves. Creation of reciprocal relationship (18 months up to years) comes last. Development of language results in the reduction of anxiety. An understanding of the departure and return periods of the mother is developed by the infant (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2016). On the other hand, Erikson refers to his first stage of development as the mistrust vs. trust stage. Where the infant is still just as in the case of Bowlbys theory still highly reliant on the consistency of the caregiver for survival obtaining a feeling of safety, trust, and comfort. Shame vs. Autonomy comes in second. The kid attains a superior sense of control by training towards gaining feelings of independence and control. Initiative vs. guilt stage then sets in where the kids begin to proclaim their control and authority in the areas in which they have influence through social interactions and play. The stage that comes in the fourth place is inferiority vs. industry in which the main area of interest by the child is gaining fresh skills, resulting in the sense of self-gratification. The last stage in this theory is the role confusion vs. identity stage. Children in this stage are in the process of getting to find out their own identity, and a successful completion of this proc ess results in the sense of control and independence by the child (Thomas, 2014). Erikson believed that the success of a succeeding stage was highly dependent on how successful the previous stage was while Bowlby laid emphasis on the security of the bond between the mother and the infant in the success of the stages. The two theorists applied different principles but just seem to have found common ground in their arguments as they complement each other well. A lot of similarities between the two theories in the stages are evident in the paper. The theories provide much-needed quality information on the development of a child that can be useful to many both at the moment and in the future. They complement each other and cover each others deficiencies while also boosting each other and the two researchers contributed so much to getting to understand the developmental framework of a child. References Child Development. (2017, February 15). Retrieved December 01, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/facts.html Top of Form Thomas, R. M. (2014). Creating human development theories: A guide for the social sciences and humanities. Zastrow, C., Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016).Understanding human behavior and the social environment. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.

Danielle Steel Book List

Danielle Steel is one of the most popular romance writers in the world, and also one of the most prolific, having published more than 140 novels since her career began in the early 1970s. Today, the bestselling author works on multiple books at the same time to meet her demanding publishing schedule. Her complete bibliography includes novels, works of nonfiction, and childrens books. 1970s   Amazon The first decade of Steels career was a tumultuous one for her personal life. After her first novel Going Home was published in 1973, she divorced her first husband and married Danny Zugelder, who was imprisoned in California. Her relationship with the inmate inspired her breakthrough books Passions Promise and Now and Forever. Going Home (1973)Passions Promise (1977): Steels first big hit, this novel tells the story of a wealthy socialite who falls in love with an ex-con while moonlighting as a journalist.Now and Forever (1978)The Promise (1978): This book was the first of Steels romance novels to be adapted for the big screen.Season of Passion (1979)Summers End (1979) 1980s Amazon By the early 1980s, Steel was regularly appearing on The New York Times bestseller list. In 1981, she married her fourth husband, winemaker John Traina, with whom she had five children. The Ring (1980)Palomino (1981)To Love Again (1981)Remembrance (1981)Loving (1981)Once in a Lifetime (1982)Crossings (1982): Set during the outbreak of World War II, this novel was made into a miniseries in 1986.A Perfect Stranger (1983)Thurston House (1983): This novel tells the story of a wealthy businessman who builds a mansion in San Francisco. For many years, Steel herself lived in a historic mansion in San Francisco.Changes (1983)Full Circle (1984)Family Album (1985): A story of female empowerment, Family Album follows the career of Faye Price, a Hollywood actress who becomes one of the industrys first female directors. The book was made into a TV miniseries in 1994.Secrets (1985)Wanderlust (1986)Fine Things (1987)Kaleidoscope (1987)Zoya (1988): This historical romance tells the story of a Russian countess who falls in love with an American soldier in Paris. The novel later explores the history of the Great Depression and World War II.Star (1989)Daddy (1989) 1990s Amazon The 1990s was Steels most productive decade yet. To maintain her grueling schedule, Steel slept very little, often working on her books late at night after her children had gone to bed. Message from Nam (1990): Described by Publishers Weekly as an unusual departure from Steels previous work, Message from Nam follows a journalist covering the war in Vietnam. He finds unexpected romance in Saigon.Heartbeat (1991)No Greater Love (1991)Jewels (1992)Mixed Blessings (1992)Vanished (1993)Accident (1994)The Gift (1994): This novel, which spent 12 weeks on the Publishers Weekly bestseller list, is one of Steels biggest hits. It tells the story of a high school girl who is sent away after she becomes pregnant on prom night.Wings (1994)Lightning (1995)Five Days in Paris (1995)Malice (1996)Silent Honor (1996): Another historical work, Silent Honor tells the story of a young Japanese woman living in California in the early 1940s. She faces prejudice from her neighbors after Pearl Harbor is bombed.The Ranch (1997)Special Delivery (1997)The Ghost (1997)The Long Road Home (1998)The Klone and I (1998): Inspired by an inside joke with her future husband, The Klone and I wades into sc ience fiction territory. The book is a tale of mistaken identity involving a human clone.His Bright Light (1998): One of Steels few works of nonfiction, His Bright Light is the story of her son Nick Traina and his struggles with manic depression. The illness led to the boys death at the age of 19.Mirror Image (1998)Bittersweet (1999)Irresistible Forces (1999) 2000s Amazon In 2002, Steel divorced her fifth husband, Silicon Valley businessman Thomas James Perkins. While continuing to produce several novels a year, she opened an art gallery in San Francisco and contributed to efforts to improve mental health among adolescents. The Wedding (2000): The Wedding is a story of love among the glitz and glamor of the Los Angeles elite.The House on Hope Street (2000)Journey (2000)Lone Eagle (2001)Leap of Faith (2001)The Kiss (2001)The Cottage (2002)Sunset in St. Tropez (2002)Answered Prayers (2002)Dating Game (2003)Johnny Angel (2003)Safe Harbour (2003)Ransom (2004): Unlike most of Steels previous books, Ransom is not a romance. The book is a white-knuckle thriller involving a kidnapped child.Second Chance (2004)Echoes (2004)Impossible (2005)Miracle (2005)Toxic Bachelors (2005): Told from the point of view of three different men, Toxic Bachelors is a story of wealth and privilege. Over the course of the novel, unexpected events transform their love lives forever.The House (2006)Coming Out (2006)H.R.H. (2006)Sisters (2007): This novel focuses on four highly successful career women who must return home to care for their father after their mother is killed in a car crash.Bungalow 2 (2007)Amazing Grace (2007): Set in San Francisco, Amazing Grace tells the story of four strangers brought together by a natural disaster. Along the way, they learn important lessons about love and family.Honor Thyself (2008)Rogue (2008)A Good Woman (2008)One Day at a Time (2009)Matters of the Heart (2009)Southern Lights (2009) 2010s   Amazon Now in her fifth decade of publishing, Steel has become even more prolific, producing as many as seven books a year. Her novels continue to be bestsellers, and they have been translated into more than 40 languages. Big Girl (2010)Family Ties (2010)Legacy (2010)44 Charles Street (2011)Happy Birthday (2011)Hotel Vendome (2011)Betrayal (2012)Friends Forever (2012)The Sins of the Mother (2012)A Gift of Hope (2012)Until the End of Time (2013)First Sight (2013)Winners (2013)Pure Joy: The Dogs We Love (2013)Power Play (2014)A Perfect Life (2014)Pegasus (2014)Prodigal Son (2015)Country (2015)Undercover (2015): A tale of romance and espionage, Undercover was partially inspired by the Patty Hearst kidnapping.​Precious Gifts (2015)Blue (2016)Property of a Noblewoman (2016)The Apartment (2016)Magic (2016)Rushing Waters (2016)The Award (2016)The Mistress (2017)Dangerous Games (2017): A political thriller and romance, this book follows a reporter investigating the U.S. vice president. The book reached No. 2 on The New York Times bestseller list.Against All Odds (2017)The Duchess (2017)The Right Time (2017)Past Perfect (2017)Fairytale (2017)In His Fathers Footsteps (2018)Fall from Grace (2018): A New Y ork Times bestseller, Fall from Grace is the story of a privileged woman who loses everything after the sudden death of her wealthy husband. The book shows the challenges she faces as she rebuilds her life.The Cast (2018)The Good Fight (2018)Accidental Heroes (2018): A bestselling thriller, Accidental Heroes begins with the appearance of a strange postcard on a cross-country flight to San Francisco. An off-duty pilot and a flight attendant work together to solve the mystery.Beauchamp Hall (2018)Turning Point (2019)Silent Night (2019)Blessing in Disguise (2019)Lost and Found (2019)The Dark Side (2019)Childs Play (2019)Spy (2019) Childrens Books Amazon Steel first began publishing childrens books in the 1980s with her Max and Martha series. Since then, she has written the Freddie series and a collection of picture books. 1989: Marthas New Daddy1989: Max and the Babysitter1989: Marthas Best Friend1989: Maxs Daddy Goes to the Hospital1989: Maxs New Baby1989: Marthas New School1990: Max Runs Away1990: Marthas New Puppy1991: Max and Grandma and Grampa Winky1991: Martha and Hilary and the Stranger1992: Freddies Trip1992: Freddies First Night Away1992: Freddie and the Doctor2009: The Happiest Hippo in the World (picture book)2014:  Pretty Minnie in Paris (picture book)2016: Pretty Minnie in Hollywood  (picture book)

The World Into The American Image - 856 Words

Foreign policy, is government strategy of dealing with other countries. The United States had an â€Å"open door† policy where free flow of trade, investment, information, and culture were key principles in foreign relations. Later we started to become an intervening military, involved with other nation affairs, and wanting to promote liberty and democracy. The United States wanted to remake the world into the American image. World War I was the first test of Wilson’s belief that American power could â€Å"make the world safe for democracy†. Before World War I, most of the interventions appropriated in the western hemisphere. This became a time where the beliefs of imperialism, nationalism, and socialism were common thoughts amongst Americans. However, once world spread about what is happening, in Europe, Americans were split. British Americans defended England, German Americans sided with Germany, and Irish Americans strongly opposed England. Others gave credence to, peace being essential to enhance the efforts of social justice at home. War broke out in Europe, Wilson proclaimed the United States to be a neutral party. But the American public opinion changed when the passenger ship Lusitania sunk by German boats, 124 American’s died. In reaction, Wilson tried to push a peace without victory, ordering freedom of the seas, restrictions on armaments, and self-determination for nations great and small. Germany answered to this by resuming submarine warfare, they knew eventually WilsonShow MoreRelatedTeam America: World Police1682 Words   |  7 PagesIn the aftermath of World War II, every nation of the world emerged mentally and, in some cases, physically altered. 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The morning of the terrorist attacks will forever be emblazoned in the minds of all Americans and the World alike. It is hard to imagine a killer so callous and putrid who would bring the World Trade Center to the ground, a smoldering pile of metal and ashes; ashes of the buildings themselves and also the ashes from the remains of the victims of 911. Th is assignment will discuss the images, the symbols, the shapes and colors depicted

What Did The First Permanent Colony - 1525 Words

Before Christmas 1606, three ships left London’s Blackwall docks to establish a settlement on Chesapeake Bay, in the New World. The largest ship was heavily armed with 120-ton merchantman, carried seventy-one passengers and crew, including the experienced commander of the fleet, Captain Newport; a highly successful privateer. The second ship known as Godspeed followed with fifty-two men on board, while bringing up on third was the tiny pinnace Discovery, which carried twenty-one men crammed together trying to survive the voyage with few space and very limited supplies. Altogether, thirty-nine mariners and 105 adventurers set out to found what would be England’s first permanent colony in America. Jamestown expedition was not the first†¦show more content†¦John Smith, the General Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isle John Smith, 1632. Planning began to establish a colony on the Chesapeake Bay, James I of England had a peace treaty with the Spanish and would not tolerate piracy, but he allowed the planting of English settlements in North America as long as lands were uninhabited by other Europeans. The Virginia Company of London responsible for promoting and governing the southern colony. The Company created a local council to rule the colony headed by an annually elected president. The goals for Jamestown expedition were to establish England’s claim to North America, search for gold or silver mines, find a passage to the Pacific Ocean (the â€Å"Other Sea†), harvest the natural resources of the land, and trade. The settlers arrived off the Virginia capes on April 26 and the ruling council chose Edward Maria Wingfield, one of the prime movers of the expedition. James River for a couple of weeks, the council selected a site about fifty miles from the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, where they landed on May 14. Naming the settlement Jamestown in honor of their king. The English had settled in a region ruled by a powerful chief named Powhatan. Powhatan’s domain included more than thirty tribes numbering Approximately 14,000 people. The colonists had been instructed by the Company to be cautious in their dealings with the Indians but to

Project Management Methodologies Comparison †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Methodologies Comparison. Answer: Project Management Methodology definition from five different sources with the methodology role in Project Management: Definition 1: According to the Author,Project management is the implementation of undertaking new changes and innovations in the project which is achieve from some tools namely, approaches made to solve a problem and the technique of management (Ahern, Leavy Byrne, 2014). Definition 2: According to the author, theMethodology of Project Management for an organization is as a guide that serves the organization to select projects, teams plan in the project work, and manages the Oversight, Sponsors and Customers requirement that collaborate with the design and delivery of the project (Grajek, 2015). Definition 3: According to the Author, theProject Management Methodology provides explicit information for the project managers that reflect the current guidance and knowledge to achieve a project outcome that has repeatedly successful (Joslin, 2014). The author has tried to provide an advance understanding of the PMM through natural development of social science, using the research methods that have proven the context of the project, governance of the project in relation with the PMM and lot more. Definition 4: The Author defines PMM as the application of skills, knowledge, the techniques and tools that may meet or may even exceed the requirements that every project has. It has a standard guidelines and methods that ensures the completion of the project in time, well- managed in a consistent manner and within the budget to deliver a quality results (Ljevo, Vukomanovi? Rustempai?, 2017). Definition 5: The Author has define the PMM in IT as an important mechanism that control the governance of IT to support the Managers to achieve success in a more predictable manner (Terlizzi, de Souza Meirelles de Moraes, 2016). Comparison of PIRNCE2 with PMBoK Pro and Cons: For the best practice of project management, there are some pros and cons of PRINCE2 versus PMBoK. In the system of PMBoK users find a frameworks that are more substantial for management of scope, contract and other aspects that are less robust in the methodology of Prince2. Unfortunately, most of the PMBoK users are not much happy with the limits of solely making a decision for a project manager (Karaman Kurt, 2015). It make difficult for the project manager to hand over the management aspects to the senior managers and other parties. With the use of PMBok the manager of the project become the primary planner, decision maker, manager of Human Resource, problem solver and more. The project management program of PRINCE2 shares the financial and functional authority not only to the manager of the project but also with the senior management. On the behalf of a senior management of an organizations, the program helps to focus to oversee the project by the manager of the project. PRINCE2 pros side is that it provides an approach to single standard for the management of the project (Coppola, D'Ambrogio Gianni, 2016). Due to this reason, the global and the government organizations prefer to choose this methodology. It is so useful that the ease of using it becomes easier to learn by the managers no matter whether they have a limited experience. The cons of PRINCE2 are that the soft skills to which the manager of the project has to focus is missing. Relating Prince2 methodology with the project life cycle The methodology of PRINCE2 has seven processes for the project life cycle and these processes are discussed below (Kloppenborg, Tesch Manolis, 2014): Project Startup: This is the first stage of the project. It is also known as the Pre-Project process. The Project Manager and the Executive, both are responsible for establishing the project, assigning the team for a project management, and creating a stage plan for the initiation stage to begin. Project Initiation: In this process, the project plan and the case of the business are finalized. It defines the quality of the product, Project product, costs and timeline of the project, analysis of risk, and resources commitment and assembles them into Project Initiation Documentation. Project direction: In this process, the Project Board is responsible for authorizing the stage of the project and using the style management, manages the overall project. Stage Control: The project manager does most of the work on this stage. With the use of this process, the Project Manager monitors the work, observes the changes, takes actions with correctiveness and discuss about it with the stakeholders. This action will be repeated until the completion of the stage. Product Delivery management: In this process, the plans of the products are created and the team manager is responsible to undertake the execution of the Work Package. The Project Manager delivers the Work Package to the Team Manager who then tests and completes the work package and returns it back to the Project Manager. Stage Boundary Management: In this stage, the process has two main functions, the first is the existing stage performance reporting and secondly, the planning of the next stage. The process evaluates the report of the End Stage and the Plan of the Next Stage and then submits it to the Project Board. Project Closing: This process is the last stage of the project. For the closure of the project, PRINCE2 prepare activities like the Report of Lessons that are learned, Report of the End Project and the Report of Acceptance. The following figure gives the overview of the lifecycle of the project: References: Ahern, T., Leavy, B., Byrne, P. J. (2014). Complex project management as complex problem solving: A distributed knowledge management perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), 1371-1381. Coppola, D., D'Ambrogio, A., Gianni, D. (2016). Bringing Model-based Systems Engineering Capabilities to Project Management: an Application to PRINCE2. In CIISE (pp. 6-15). Grajek, S. (2015). Top 10 IT issues, 2015: inflection point. Educause Review, 50(1), 10-48. Joslin, R. (2014). Relationship between Project Management Methodology (PMM), Project Success, and Project Governance. Karaman, E., Kurt, M. (2015). Comparison of project management methodologies: prince 2 versus PMBOK for it projects. Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, 4(5), 657-664. Kloppenborg, T. J., Tesch, D., Manolis, C. (2014). Project success and executive sponsor behaviors: Empirical life cycle stage investigations. Project Management Journal, 45(1), 9-20. Ljevo, Ã… ½., Vukomanovi?, M., Rustempai?, N. (2017). Analysing significance of key quality factors for management of construction projects. Gra?evinar, 69(05.), 359-366. Terlizzi, M. A., de Souza Meirelles, F., de Moraes, H. R. O. C. (2016). Barriers to the use of an IT project management methodology in a large financial institution. International Journal of Project Management, 34(3), 467-479.

Project Management for Shard London †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Shard London. Answer: About the Project The Shard is a well known iconic landmark building in London. It is located towards the south side of River Thames (Parker, Sharrat and Richmond 2012). Its height is 306 m. It is considered to be the tallest building in the Western part of Europe. The Shard project was completed in the year 2013. This project had followed a hands-on approach. Careful attention was paid on the various other components of the construction that were involved in the Shard project (Walker 2015). The people involved in the project had worked out of hours. The project was carried out in a highly secured environment. The Test Engineers had played significant role in the planning stage of the project. Senior engineers, site supervisors, operatives and the team leaders were responsible for the installation process of the project. Project Success The architecture that was proposed for Shard tower was of highest quality. The aim of this project was to build a vertical city with striking architecture that would incorporate retail, apartments, hotel, offices and restaurants (John Parker 2013). The project was completely successful in implementing this concept. Several innovative procedures had been adopted for finding fast methods of delivering the project without any delay. The constant flow of communication between CAMs Senior Project Manager, Shards developer, principal contractor and the end customer of CAM played a significant role in the success of the project. A top down project construction approach was used for delivering the project on time. Jump lift strategy was used where installation works and shaft construction had continued above operational lift (Ctbuh.org 2017). This strategy was implemented in Europe for the first time and facilitated efficient and safe distribution of materials and operatives across the site. This project is also considered to be energy efficient. The project success is measured in terms of project scope, schedule, budget and the project quality. The Shard project had achieved its objective of building a vertical city (Wallace 2017). This project had met the requirements of the client within the scheduled time and budget. The high quality of the project was also responsible for its success (Mace.world 2017). The reason behind the success of this project was the strong management as well as the effective installation process that was carried out during the project execution phase. Problems associated with the Project Budget: The contractor of the Shard project had presented a contract of around 350 million pounds. It was a fixed-price contract. This budget had exceeded more than 400 million pounds (Wallace 2017). Delay: The other issue that was faced during the execution of the project was delay due to weather issues due to high wind. Busiest station: The Shard was built in a busy transport station and this led to logistic issues. Maintaining safety of the people was one of the main challenges in the Shard project. Construction approach: The top down construction approach had also led to several challenges. The unique architecture of the building posed engineering challenges as well. Overcoming the Challenges Proper flow of communication and innovative strategies has helped to overcome the mentioned challenges and achieve success. Effective project scheduling was done that ensured right equipments were used at the right time (Kerzner 2013). VENTEX systems were installed for maintaining the air quality. Air quality was constantly monitored. RAVEX systems were installed for controlling exhaust fumes (Rvtgroup.co.uk 2017). These systems solved the safety issue of the project. Jump-lift construction has helped to overcome certain challenges of this project (Ctbuh.org 2017). The equipments were properly maintained to avoid equipment breakdown. Strong project management team helped to overcome the budget related and delay issues. Lessons Learnt Lessons learnt during the execution of the Shard project are: Strong foundation: The main lesson that was learnt during the project execution was that the foundation of the building plays a critical role in the success of any construction project. Strong planning: Something magnificent can be built even in a small area with a proper plan. Effective strategy must be developed to overcome challenges (Fewings 2013). Strong communication: Constant flow of communication is mandatory for the success of any project. Strong vision: Correct vision of the finished product helps to develop strong construction logic (Chapman 2014). References Chapman, M.R., 2014.The Rules of Project Risk Management: Implementation Guidelines for Major Projects. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Ctbuh.org.,2017.The Shard, London. [online] Available at: https://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildingArchive2013/TheShardLondon/tabid/6020/language/en-US/Default.aspx [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. Fewings, P., 2013.Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. John Parker, M.A., 2013. Engineering The Shard, London: tallest building in western Europe.Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,166(2), p.66. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mace.world., 2017.The Shard | Mace World. [online] Available at: https://mace.world/mace-world/better-business/the-shard/ [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. Parker, J., Sharratt, M. and Richmond, J., 2012, September. The Shard, London, UK: response of arches to ground movements. InProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Bridge Engineering(Vol. 165, No. 3, pp. 185-194). Thomas Telford Ltd. Rvtgroup.co.uk., 2017. [online] Available at: https://rvtgroup.co.uk/cmsrvt/uploads/shard.pdf [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017]. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Wallace, D., 2017.Project managing the Shard. [online] Blog.learningpeople.co.uk. Available at: https://blog.learningpeople.co.uk/project-managing-the-shard [Accessed 28 Oct. 2017].